No God on the Horizon? Voegelin, Buber, Bonhoeffer, and The Moment of Surrender

In a time when the faith and freedom of men and women in Europe are challenged by radical atheism[1] and by the fanaticism of secularists, religious extremists and political fundamentalists, public discourse reconsiders the possibility that there is simply no God on the horizon. As Europe is becoming increasingly secular, the moral underpinnings of our Judeo-Christian heritage are shaken, i.e. the constructive elements in Christianity and Judaism which promote peaceful coexistence and tolerance.

Today’s racism, intolerance and abhorrence that exist in Europe between different cultural, religious and ethnic groups are alarming. The anti-Christian sentiment, the mounting anti-Semitism and the sweeping statements about islamization the so called negative presence of Islam in Europe is upsetting public discourse. The three monotheistic religions suffer currently from incitement to hatred, due to a clash of cultures and to the global rise of religious and political fundamentalism[2], whether in the Middle East, Middle America or in Europe. Judaism, Christianity and Islam and its symbols are recurrently satirized, ridiculed and abused.

It seems imperative in the present circumstances not to be carried away by the mixture of secular and atheistic opinions or by the various political ideologies that dominate the public sphere and the media. The increased global interest in religion as well as its rejection, and the political and economical situation in the West, particular the late developments in Europe and the religious-political commotion in my native country the Netherlands, may need a deeper spiritual understanding which could clarify the underlying current of today’s cultural malaise.

What Europe faces, is a critical moment regarding the flood of ideological and religious language in the evolution of the place of God in society — be it the experience-symbolization of YHWH, Jesus Christ, or Allah. We will have to address the wider framework of uncertainties, fears and political unease about religion in the West. I hope to offer a more all-encompassing picture and understanding of the experience — symbolization of the divine presence, attending to a major gap in the scholarship on coexistence in the European context and on politics and policies of the EU.

What is called for is careful discernment (noein; noesis)[3] and honest reflection[4] on the misusage of ideological and religious language, and on the attitudes and complex influences which are capable of impelling the human will, i.e. the ones toward good, and the others toward evil.[5] One of the problems is the lack of imaginative reenactment of divine reality, as love and reason are recurrently buckled and commercialized, and God is either declared dead, non-existent, delusional, or becomes strongly politicized.

Eric Voegelin (1901-1985), Martin Buber (1878-1965) and Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) — two philosophers, the other a theologian — have challenged such grim anti-God-sentiment. One of the typical phenomena in the quest of these spiritually energetic thinkers is the event of breaking out of the dominant intellectual group in order to find the spiritual reality that has been lost. As representatives of true spiritual order they argue their case for surrender to transcendent reality. In the works of Buber and Bonhoeffer in particular, God is represented as the universal, essentially nonpolitical, vulnerable God who creates order in the soul and in society, moving the focus back to love, to an I-Thou relationship and covenant.

I. Secularism Rampant in Europe

The prevailing negative attitude and intolerance toward religious expression, predominantly traditional monotheistic religion, and mostly in the public sphere, are spreading. Culture, media and places of worship are saturated with hatred of religious and ethnic minority groups, of those who think differently. The experience of profound uncertainty (aporein), to feel at a loss how to proceed, is not uncommon these days. Unmistakable, there is a lack of wisdom (alogos) and a sweeping fear (angst)[6] of Islam in Europe, which is disquieting. This anxiety finds expression in the wideranging opposition to the building of mosques, to officials wearing a headscarf and so on.

Unavoidable identity crises particularly among European Christians have risen to the surface after the result of the public inquiries conducted into the sexual abuse scandals in the Catholic Church. At length and in great detail cases of emotional, physical and sexual abuse of hundreds, if not thousands of children in various European countries over decades have been reported.[7] On top of these serious offenses an economic crisis has contributed to an air of despondency and reserve not only towards religious institutions, but towards any minority group who could expediently be used as a scapegoat for the predicament of the recession.

Furthermore, the prevalent acceptance of the European Union’s refusal to embrace specific reference to God or Christianity’s influence on Europe’s distinctive civilization in its first constitution has marked the religious crisis within the EU as far from being inconsequential.[8] People seem to have forgotten that European history is not only a dynamic process, but also a spiritual one in which God is operating. Buber writes:

“History is a dynamic process, and history means that one hour is never like the one that has gone before. God operates in history, and God is not a machine which, once it has been wound up, keeps on running until it wears out. He is a living God. He expresses his truth through his will, but his will is not a program. At this hour, God wills this or that for mankind, but he has endowed mankind with a will of its own, and even with sufficient power to carry it out. So, mankind can change its will from one hour to the next, and God, who is deeply concerned about mankind and its will and the possible changes it may undergo, can, when that will changes, change his plan for mankind. This means that historical reality could have been changed. One must rely on one’s knowledge. One must go one’s way and listen all over again.”[9]

In various European countries, however, there are politicians and secular fundamentalists who refuse to listen and seek to do away with God and religion altogether, specifically with Islam and Judaism but also with the Christian — mainly Roman Catholic — influences in the public sphere. We’ve seen the ban on the wearing of visible religious symbols in French public schools in 2004,[10] to the 2009 attempt of Belgium politicians for banning the Crucifix at the entrance of a cemetery — the avowal for an absolute separation between Church and State.[11] These restrictions on the freedom of religion and on its expression amount to the capitulation and appeasement of Europe to aggressive secularists, as well as to religious and political extremists.

The secularism rampant in Europe and its hostile self-alienation (allotriosis)[12] is such that the genuine actuality of experience of human coexistence, i.e. between the major religions and the acceptance of other cultures can only to be achieved if those with a moderate, reflective and more balanced religious and political conviction become sufficiently courageous to take up their responsibility and make their voices heard. Bonhoeffer in his work Ethics reminds us of the core Christian values, of the surrender of our actions to grace and love. He refers to God and neighbor as the origin of responsible action:

“By recognizing that responsible action is limited both by surrendering our action to God’s grace and judgment, and by the responsibility of the neighbor, it simultaneously becomes apparent that precisely these limits qualify the action as responsible in the first place. For God and neighbor, as we encounter them in Jesus Christ, are not only the limits of responsible action, as we have already recognized, but they are also its origin. Irresponsible action is defined by its disregard for these limits of God and neighbor. Responsible action, on the other hand, gains its unity, and ultimately also its certainty, from this very limitation by God and neighbor. It is not its own lord and master, nor is it unbounded or frivolous. Instead, it is creaturely and humble. This is precisely why it can be sustained by an ultimate joy and confidence, knowing that in its origin, essence, and goal it is sheltered in Christ.”[13]

To achieve some form of responsible action toward coexistence, the European countries have to agree that any religious consortium, be it Jews, Christians, Muslims or any other religious grouping living on the continent, must become integrated into a democratic society. If this fails, intensified disarray among the various groupings might sustain, which will have serious repercussions on the future of Europe and on the retention of religious freedom and expression in the West, thus, on the values, possibilities and challenges that it presents to us.

Secularization in Voegelin’s terms is the process by which the cosmos, which had once been seen as having a dimension of transcendence, comes to be interpreted as lacking any relation to transcendence, also referred to by Voegelin as a polite word for deculturation.[14] Regrettably, Europe’s secularization is becoming notorious for denying its well-orderedness, its good social order (eunomia). In Voegelin’s use, specifically the existence ordered morally and cognitively by the tension of existence toward the pole of the transcendent perfection of being.[15] Religious and cultural heritage, Europe’s holy history (historia sacra) as opposed to secular, pagan history (historia pagana), but also the freedom of speech and religious expression are seriously neglected. One could speak, in the line of Voegelin and Schelling, of Europe’s pneumapathology or spiritual disease.

II. The Disoriented and Demagogues

It can’t be the purpose of religion, science or politics to sow hatred, to justify and affirm Europe’s state of alienation. The disorder and disintegration at present is characterized by misconstructions of reality by the disoriented and demagogues. Buber analyzed this phenomenon of false prophets in opposition to true prophets:

“The true prophets are the true politicians of reality, for they proclaim their political tidings from the viewpoint of the complete historical reality, which it is given them to see. The false prophets, the Politicians who foster illusions, use the power of their wishful thinking to tear a scrap out of historical reality and sew it into their guild of motley illusions. When they are out to influence through suggestion, they display the gay colors, and when they are asked for the materiál of truth, they point to the scrap, torn out of reality . . . False prophets are not godless. They adore the god “Success.” They themselves are in constant need of success and achieve it by promising it to the people. The craving for success governs their hearts and determines what rises from them. They do not deceive; they are deceived, and can breathe only in the air of deceit.”[16]

Signs of Europe’s degradation and egophany, its manifestation of separate existence apart from the divine ground (contrasts with theophany) need to find the attempted restoration of the free conversation with God, and the open dialogue between man and man. The spiritual outbursts of today must, in opposition to the air of deceit, necessitate to maintain faith in God and to preserve our democracy for future generations.

The beginnings of a spiritual quest are approaching, and we could do with a movement of love (motus amoris). The motivation of conversio or epistrophe, the struggle between true order” vs. disorder are weighed and being felt in Europe. Currently, Hellenic philosophy and Judeo-Christian revelation are being replaced in the public sphere, in politics, in universities, not by Islam as some might argue, but by an extreme secular and atheistic under standing of human life over a wide area. Europe’s civilization once again is under threat, the problems of ethnic and cultural diversity, and warnings about mass immigration, have led to a blatant intolerance which, according to some, is not much different from the rise of National Socialism in the 1930s.

The threat to European society, to values and identity, to justice and compassion, is not as some would like us to believe Islam or any other religion, nor an ethnic race or nationality. And so the solution is not the banning of churches, synagogues or mosques, nor ethnic registration[17] or even worse the ethnic cleansing of our cities and streets, i.e. the disposal of groups of people who believe and think differently. But the threat in Europe is first of all within us, within each person’s heart and mind. It is the spiritual illiteracy and amnesia; it is the deep rooted — in capitals — FEAR for the unknown and for the Other[18] that is most alarming.

Above all, it is the ancient old bewildering experience of Eros tyrannos, the lust for power — one could call it original sin, libido dominandi or Wille zur Macht — that still corrupts religion and politics. In Voegelin’s commentary the Eros tyrannos is the satanic double of the Socratic Eros [citing Plato, Rep. 573B, D]. . . . The desire that turns the soul toward the Good and the desire that succumbs to the fascination of Evil are intimately related.[19] Both Erotes are modes of mania, not unfamiliar to the current European situation, and there is always a chance that the evil deamon takes over, the danger of straying from the difficult path of the spirit and of the falling into the abyss of pride.[20] The Eros tyrannos is dangerous; it could stir the human heart to rebellion and to the spirituality of evil,[21] that is by hating God and overpowering our fellow man to such extent that it could send the Other towards a spiritual and/or psychical death. In The Cost of Discipleship Bonhoeffer reminds us of Matthew 7.13-23, discussing such dark powers of perverted and tyrannical order related to the false prophets:

“Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly are ravening wolves. By their fruits ye shall know them. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but the corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Therefore by their fruits ye shall know them . . .” [22]

III. Dutch Eros Tyrannos

An illustration of a false prophet or demagogue who stirs the Eros tyrannos within society is Geert Wilders (b. September 6, 1963), the controversial Dutch politician and leader of the Freedom party (PVV or Partij voor de Vrijheid) in the Netherlands. As a former Catholic, now atheist and/or agnostic,[23] Wilders has become the chief voice speaking out against what he calls the multicultural nightmare (De multiculturele nachtmerrie), the mass immigration (de massa-immigratie) and the Islamization (de Islamisering) of the Netherlands.

His art of politics (techne politike) or strategy for gaining political power till now has been effective, appealing to the prejudices, emotions, fears and expectations of the Dutch public via impassioned rhetoric against Islam. By means of free speech, global media propaganda, and by pro-American and pro-Israel sentiments he seeks international support and finance for his stance to eradicate Islam from the West. Using nationalist, populist and religious themes, the demagogy and melodrama of Wilders’s ideas have been the subject of global debate ever since.

Careful analysis shows that Wilders’s nationalistic dreams and antagonistic dichotomies (us vs. them) are based on fear. Characteristic of what Voegelin calls in Race and State the counteridea [24] (Wilders: us vs. the Islam) is to push towards conflict and/or ethnic violence. It is astonishing that Islam by way of Wilders’s ongoing provocation should have become the counteridea of the tolerant Dutch, and with such extraordinary intensity, considering that in the Netherlands Muslims account for only 6 percent of the population.[25] How could Wilders’s simplistic caricature of Islam and of such a small minority of Muslims evoke so much fear in the Netherlands and in Europe?

Undoubtedly this fear stems from (i) the horrific images of the series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001, but also from (ii) the Madrid train bombings in Spain on March 11, 2004, and (iii) the London Tube and bus bombings on July 7, 2005, and is largely due to feelings of insecurity on the part of the Dutch people, after (iv) the 2002 assassination of the Dutch professor and politician Pim Fortuyn by animal rights activist Volkert van der Graaf, who saw in Fortuyn a danger to Dutch society, and (v) the brutal murder of the author, film director and well-known critic of Islam, Theo van Gogh, who was killed by Muslim extremist Mohammed B.[26] in Amsterdam in 2004. These shocking events sparked a storm of outrage. They widened and polarized the debate in the Netherlands and in Europe about the position of immigrants, of Muslims, and stimulated a deep-seated anxiety — repeatedly expressed in anti-Islam comments — of being dominated by the Islam.

Wilders has used this wide-spread anxiety and the deaths of Fortuyn and Van Gogh to advocate his strong anti-Islam views and to protect himself against any criticism. He says that the elite — that is, anyone who disagrees with him — are out to demonize (demoniseren) his person, like they did with Fortuyn. Out of a fear for violence and for making it worse by criticizing him, many Dutch intellectuals didn’t dare to say anything. To challenge Wilders, even healthy criticism was avoided because of what had happened to Fortuyn and Van Gogh. In the mean time Wilders used his free speech to talk about war and the real possibility of race riots.[27] Furthermore, the atmosphere in Dutch society is damaged.

Wilders’s belief in an Islamic organization of enormous proportions, in what he calls a violent political ideology that would be directed with diabolical shrewdness, with sharia law and terrorism toward the ultimate, total economic and political enslavement of the West, has seriously touched on people’s fears. Not only in Europe are these uncertainties growing but also in America and in Israel. There has been much guessing about the current suspicion toward and fear of the Islamic riddle — perhaps a completely satisfactory answer is not possible from a Western perspective; perhaps this historical situation cannot be further analyzed or reduced right now, and perhaps it should not be asked why some people like Wilders have a closer inner affinity with one group, while hating another.

Internationally, however, Wilders is best known for his fierce criticism of Islam, summing up his views by saying, I don’t hate Muslims, I hate Islam.[28] Although identifying Islamic extremists as a small minority of Muslims, he believes that there is no such thing as moderate Islam. Wilders is warning the West that Islam is not a religion but a totalitarian ideology, and that the Qur’an calls on Muslims to oppress, persecute or kill Christians, Jews, dissidents and non-believers, to beat and rape women and to establish an Islamic state by force.[29]

The terminology and expressions of Wilders entirely strip the Islam of its religious dimension, specially by saying that it is not a monotheistic religion, and by reducing it to a violent political and totalitarian ideology of the extremists. Thereby he ignores the more constructive, compassionate and spiritual side of Islam, i.e. the religious experiences of reasonable Muslims who act respectfully and believe that God, the Merciful, and the Compassionate is one (and incomparable) and that the purpose of life is not to murder or to terrorize, but to worship God.

In national newspaper De Volkskrant, Wilders portrayed the Qur’an as a manifesto for violence and wrote: “Ban this wretched book like Mein Kampf is banned!”[30] The call to treat the Qur’an in the same way as Adolf Hitler’s biography, which has been banned from sale in the Netherlands for over 60 years, is just one of the remarks in a long line of Islam controversies sparked by Wilders. Living under tight security after death threats by suspected Islamist terrorists,[31] he is already claimed by some Americans as their hero and freedom fighter. But are his words and deeds really that honorable and heroic?

There are good reasons to assume that Wilders, as one of the most thriving politicians in recent Dutch history, sincerely believes in his fearful anti-Islam diatribes and untruths of existence. His revolt against the conditio humana and the attempt to overlay its reality by the construction of a second reality that uses the Islam, and excludes its followers, is disquieting. Wilders affirms:

“I’ve had enough of Islam in the Netherlands; let not one more Muslim immigrate, I’m tired of the worship of Allah and Mohamed in the Netherlands: not one more mosque. I’ve had enough of the Qur’an in the Netherlands: forbid that fascist book. Enough is enough.”[32]

The unconstructive metastasis,[33] i.e., the aggressive change, transformation, and revolution Wilders hopes to evoke in the Netherlands, are based on unrealistically expected transformations of human beings, of Dutch society, and the structure of existence. The fundamental form of his anti-Islam and utopian expectations is that it provokes an escape from the tension of existence, a movement out of humanity, out of what Voegelin calls the metaxy, toward a true Dutch identity or freedom in union with one of its poles, namely with that of a society without otherness, without Islam. Or in Wilders’s own words: “It is time for the great spring cleaning of our streets” (Het is tijd voor de grote schoonmaak van onze straten).[34]

Wilders led the Freedom party (PVV) to a third place in an unstable Dutch political landscape. Appealing to national pride and by focusing persistently on mass immigration (massa-immigratie) he blames the Islam for the nation’s social and economic troubles. His rhetoric skills during the political campaign gained evermore influence over the media, as he used his charisma and oratorical skills to acquire allies in the United States and in Israel.

Speaking of hope and optimism — even if fear for Eurabia is the party’s driving force — the Freedom party (PVV) wants to invigorate the Netherlands to choose against Islam, against immigration, against human beings who think and believe differently.[35] Wilders clearly articulated his stance in the 2010 election debates: the faith “Islam” is a dangerous evil ideology for which there is, in our opinion, no place in the Netherlands (het geloof ‘de Islam’ is een gevaarlijke kwaadaardige ideologie waar wat ons betreft in Nederland geen plaats voor is).[36]

The kind of metastatic faith involved here is the expectation of a transformation of reality in the Netherlands, and of what it means to be Dutch (Nederlands). Hence, Wilders’s is creating a new nationalistic anti-faith that expects such an anti-Islam transformation to be caused by an act of political and possibly military intervention.[37]Conceivably, one may speak here of a minor Dutch metastatic apocalypse: the radical transformation in the Netherlands that would be produced by such anti-faith.

Wilders’s anti-Islam rhetoric in the international media is repetitive, simplistic and bigoted, and yet successful. Pushing the limits of so called free speech and Dutch tolerance, he was led to a court case after judges ruled in January 2009 that a right-wing Member of Parliament who compared the Qur’an to Mein Kampf should be put on trial for inciting racial hatred and discrimination. So, Wilders faced charges for his outspoken anti-Islam comments and his film Fitna, which juxtaposed the Qur’an and terrorist attacks including the September 11, 2001 attacks and the 2005 London Tube and bus bombings.[38]

Despite all controversy Wilders’s eagerness and overbearing pride (superbia vitae) won him more than one and a half million Dutch vote in the 2010 elections, thereby revealing the political and religious bewilderment in the Netherlands and in Europe. The PVV program mirrors the sentiment — often a mixture of nationalistic pride and fear, of half-truths and lies, of exaggeration and overstatement — by which Wilders tries to persuade the entire Dutch nation to choose against Islam:

“Centuries flew our flag on every sea and was the tricolor the symbol of freedom. Of a people who decided over their own destiny. But that was long ago . . . The Freedom Party sees a country that really has to say goodbye to the rotten leftist ideals of the past. Al Gore is a basket case. The hated multicultural experiment has had above all serious draw backs and Islam does not bring us cultural enrichment but sharia-fatalism, jihad-terrorism and hatred against gays and Jews. Across Europe we see the same problems with Islam . . . Who thinks that Islamization is a matter of one issue cannot count. The mass immigration has enormous implications for all facets of our society. It is economically a disaster; it affects the quality of our education, increases insecurity in the streets, leading to an exodus from our cities, expels Jews and gays and flushes decennia of women’s emancipation through the toilet. To explain just one sector: even our healthcare system Islamizes rapidly. Muslim women who refuse treatment by male doctors, muslimas who do not want to be washed by male nurses, Islamic elderly who demand from the cooks in their nursing homes halal food, employees of home care who need an interpreter because the patient speaks only Turkish or Arab. And who do you think pays for the interpreter? And why is that interpreter needed in the first place? Theo van Gogh said it so well about Job Cohen and his attitude towards Moroccans. Van Gogh wrote that Cohen claimed that: You belong to us!, instead of asking What are you doing here? We do ask that question. What are they doing here? Who let them in? The multicultural nightmare that is inflicted on us, we cannot and we do not accept it as a fact. The Dutch people have not asked for mass immigration and it should therefore not pay the price. The fault lies not with Henk and Ingrid. The blame lies with the leftist elites who think that the world looks like Woodstock. The choice before us on June 9 [2010 Dutch general election] is simple: to further the multicultural abyss or restoration of our traditional norms and values. Choosing security or opt for even more crime. Choosing Islam or opt for the Netherlands. Choosing our flag or the flag of the EU-multicultural-utopia. Choosing more of the same or opt for hope and optimism. This is a time to decide. The PVV has chosen. These are our choices.”[39]

The 2010 political program of the Dutch Freedom party (PVV) blurs the complexities and development within the Netherlands — pertaining to Dutch history, politics and religion — with (i) an economic recession (ii) political instability (iii) anti-immigrant sentiments and racism (iv) feelings of unsafety and (v) the global fear of radical Islam and of terrorism in the West since 9/11. The strong assaults on Islam by Wilders, specifically on what he terms the Islamization (Islamisering) of the Netherlands and of the West, are going a step too far: ethnic registration for everyone[40]. Stimulated by the PVV’s victory some Dutch citizens are already arguing about which generation, ethic group or race may possibly stay in the Netherlands and who should go.

Wilders’s desire (pothos), the yearning and longing for mundane success and fulfillments is misguided. His powerful desire to reach out indefinitely toward the unknown and unheard of: the creation of a Dutch intolerance that dogmatically and exclusively shuts out the Islam with unlimited ambition, is injudicious. Not only does he oppose mosque building, Muslim schools, and does he advocate banning what he calls the fascist Qur’an from the Netherlands, additionally, he proposed to tax the Muslim headscarf, which he described as a head-rag-tax (kopvoddentaks).[41] Any Muslim woman who wants to wear a headscarf would have to apply for a license, and pay one thousand Euros. It is a penalty against what Wilders calls street pollution (straat vervuiling) — he says the money raised would go toward women’s emancipation programs.

Wilders’s argument that in the Dutch context Islam and the Qur’an which he denounces as a violent political ideology should be prohibited, just as Hitler’s Mein Kampf is forbidden for sale in the Netherlands,[42] is a political move to distract and possibly hide the equivalences between his own political ideology and that of Hitler’s National Socialism in the 1930s. Although people tend to strongly react when critics analyze the PVV program in light of the Nazi period, they should not forget that Wilders was the first to refer to Hitler, fascism and totalitarianism to make his points clear about Islam. Even though Wilders sows fear and goes far in what he says, he is not evil or godless, as some Dutch people might argue, he simply is deceived by adoring the god Success. He seems to be in constant need of media attention, of victory and achieves it by promising it to the Dutch people. The craving for success and media coverage governs his actions and determines what rises from them. Perhaps a comparison with Nazism is not so useful; however, a study of the Dutch situation makes it painfully clear how far politicians in the Netherlands continue to tolerate the dangerous manifestation of Wilders’s provocations against Islam. The cynical use of identity politics to set people up against each other for political gain is not a new method invented by the Dutch Freedom Party (PVV).

Wilders as convinced supporter of capitalism, however, seems more of a right-wing nationalist than a fascist, but he does use Islam in a way similar to how the Nazis caricatured the Jews in the 1930s. Wilders blames everything on Islam, like Hitler blamed the Jews for all problems. He has found a scapegoat. The cultural difference is that in the present economic crisis in the Netherlands, and in Europe — unlike the crisis in the 1930s — most people are still living in houses and have a job, and are not utterly hopeless for the future.

Yet, the irony about Wilders’s rhetoric and the PVV program remains. On the one hand, when you exchange his term Muslim(s) for Jew(s) you find some uncomfortable similarities to the twentieth century’s National Socialism. On the other hand, unlike Hitler, Wilders’s emotional discourse is generally not one of destruction — at least till now. Instead he uses comical terminology, a sort of absurdity, and strong verbal communication, even to the point that some people may think it is really funny. The creation of deformed language symbols, however, should be taken serious and although Wilders’s hilarious words might on occasion sound funny, they possibly will not lead to a comical outcome. He dangerously plays with fire by globally challenging Muslim extremists in using unwarranted anti-Islam comments. Thus helping to create and incite in the Netherlands and in Europe the very extremism he hopes to defeat.

The answer of the Freedom party (PVV) may not yet be one of annihilation or elimination in the Nazi sense, but still is a fearful protection against what they see as the uncontrollable Islamic flood, by raising the dikes in the hope of turning the tide. Wilders’s immigration stop for Muslims, his policy against Islam in preventing the so called flood, differs from Hitler’s Final Solution (Die Endlösung) for the Jewish people, but his ideas and ideological concepts are certainly deformed or even racist and xenophobic. The articulation of an intentional genocide as in Hitler’s case is in Wilders’s discourse not clearly evident, but his comments on Islam, on war and ethnic violence are fear-provoking.

Even though Wilders successfully won new votes during the last election it was not as much through virtues defined in terms of beauty and goodness (Kalokagathia), as through appeals to the ethnic and nationalistic prejudices and anxieties of the Dutch people. Debasing the meaning of the term freedom (vrijheid) the PVV insinuates that the Netherlands, but also Europe can only be free (vrij zijn) when it rids itself of Islam and of the Qur’an. These political ideas of so called vrijheid are an illusionary freedom; a creation of second reality, which in Reality only leads to hatred, violence and bigotry. Voegelin’s term second reality, drawn from Robert Musil’s The Man without Qualities,[43] refers to a fictitious world imagined as true by a self-alienated person who uses it to mask and thereby eclipse genuine reality — which in a healthy society contains religious freedom for Muslims, Jews, Christians, and for anyone else.

The causes of disorder related to such antagonism in the Netherlands are revealed by a variety of secondary symptoms, like the disruptive indulgence in anti-Islam infatuation. Alarming is for instance that ordinary Dutch people since the rapid growth of Wilders’s Freedom Party increasingly feel legitimized to display immoral behavior toward immigrants because of their skin color and/or religion. The attentive reader discovers through careful analysis of Wilders’s anti-Islam propaganda that behind the secondary symptoms lays the fundamental problem of the apostrophe — the withdrawal of man from his own humanity. The experience of an alienated consciousness, according to Voegelin, always retains such an index of negativity or distress, a residual awareness of its imbalance and closure:

“A man who is (for example) in the state of atheistic engagement or revolt, at the same time feels that he is falling into-on-existence. You are in existence if you are attuned to reality, which is God’s reality, and you fall out of it if you are in revolt against it. A state of alienation, if it has reached the proper intellectual consciousness, will always be accompanied by some sort of uneasiness. This need not be completely conscious but can express itself in all sorts of diversions.“[44]

Wilders hides his revolt by saying that he chooses for women and gay rights, and is committed to the traditional Judeo-Christian and humanistic values that have made the Netherlands the success it is today.[45] This may sound a noble intention were it not that certain ethnic groups will pay the price, particularly the Muslim community. Hence, the twist in his rhetoric is marked by concepts which promote an exodus from reality, the escape from the tension of existence, wherein Muslims and Islam whether one likes it or not play their part. And so, his flight towards a so called freedom (vrijheid) from Islam is impossible without eventually turning to destructive means.

Wilders’s ideological system is essentially built on fear (angst), on a stressful anxiety for what he terms the uncontrollable tsunami of Islamization, a wave or flood that will engulf the unsustainable sleepy West. It is not based on the balanced vision of the polis, a state or society characterized by a sense of community founded on the shared nous or caritas; Voegelin’s description (following Aristotle) of a healthy society: “the polis is an association of like people [koinonia ton homoion] striving for the best life, and not an association of just any human beings.”[46]

Most people in Europe today would agree with Wilders that Islamic terrorism is wrong, but so is the extreme violent behavior of Jews, Christians or anyone else in the world. Addressing extremism and terrorism, the clash of cultures and of religions, and highlighting the economic and social problems of a multicultural society is one thing, but to create a political program that deliberately sets out to radically exclude from reality, and to keep out of the Netherlands, a particular ethnic group — in this case anyone who has something to do with Islam or the Qur’an — is a grave distortion.

The great political misconstruction of the Dutch Freedom Party (PVV) is in the direction of the transcendent, as with Wilders there is no real direction towards the transcendent. Because he cuts himself off. And since man cannot live or does not live without accounting for himself in terms of a ground, Wilders seeks a replacement, a substitute ground. Voegelin explained that when the Ground, which is the transcendent ground, has been imaginatively eclipsed, and replaced by substitute world-immanent pseudogrounds of being, something seriously goes wrong.[47] In Wilders’s case the substitute ground is the attempt to order Dutch society and history according to an anti-Islam principle and the struggle of races and/or religion. History has taught us that such principles can only lead to severe disorder and destruction.

Finally, Islam does not have to become a Dutch or European problem, and neither does Wilders. Forgetting the past in this pandemonium, however, could be a dangerous leeway to eradication. On Friday morning July 10, 1942, during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, the Dutch Jewish writer Etty Hillesum[48] concluded in her diary: “One moment it is Hitler, the next it is Ivan the Terrible; one moment it is Inquisition and the next war, pestilence, earthquake, or famine. Ultimately what matters most is to bear the pain, to cope with it, and to keep a small corner of one’s soul unsullied, come what may.”[49]

IV. Europe’s Search for True Homonoia

What ought to be promoted in the Netherlands and in Europe today is the universal calling of humanity, the exodus within reality, i.e. open existence in the metaxy oriented toward its transcendent pole, towards God. This means among other things, saying No! to extremism and racism, No! to any political ideology that wants to induce some kind of apartheid system. Our real exodus is the surrender to life (leven) in the metaxy, it is the struggle for human dignity and the process of transcendence: Fruitio Dei, a rejoicing in God on the horizon, no matter what religion, race or color.

In order to maintain the traditional Judeo-Christian and humanistic values in the Netherlands, and in the West, a more compassionate vision is desirable, a politike episteme or understanding of how to live in society which brings justice to all people. The solution to religious conflict or to major social, cultural and economic problems is not established by scapegoating — the practice of singling out one ethnic or religious group — or by evoking the raw and antagonistic choice between us and in capital THEM. Besides, who equals the dismal THEM? Is that the Islam, the Dutch Muslims, the people who speak Arabic and read the Qur’an, those who believe in Allah and in his prophet Muhammad, intellectuals who disagree with the PVV? To be specific, who is the target group that eventually will be excluded and/or deported?

Why does a populist such as Wilders persist in his hybris, his overbearing arrogance and pride? Besides a crisis of values and identity, and the problem of alienation in Europe from which he benefits his success in the Netherlands, he outplays man’s libido dominandi, the pleasure in dominating, the will to power (Wille zur Macht). Voegelin uses the term idiotes,[50] as in Heraclitus, to refer to those who live in a private imaginary world of closed existence instead of the shared, common (xynon) world known through logos — i.e., reason, rational capacity, definition, intelligible structure, or an analytical account (as compared with the creation of social myths by the disoriented and demagogues).[51] Hence, it is by any means surprising that someone like Geert Wilders has surrounded himself, and closed his existence off with bodyguards and high security measures, which are ever-increasing. His imaginary world, his fear and anxiety for a self-created Islam ghost — by relentlessly provoking Islamic extremists in the media—have cut him off from life, from dialogue and true meeting.

Europe’s refusal to apperceive the intellectual and political constructions of second realities, by scientists (e.g. Richard Dawkins)[52] and politicians alike, is disturbing. The ideological ban on serious questioning is just odious. So, it looks as if a long via dolorosa is ahead of us.[53] The Voegelinian diagnostic we may use here is to determine which part of reality has been excluded to make these fake systems possible. Always excluded or distorted—if not fully eclipsed—is the experience of the divine ground, in Buber’s terms the dialogue between God and man. Voegelin saw that the modern restriction of consciousness to sense perception is the hidden trick in the construction of systems. So, he recognized an important criterion for diagnosing a fake system:

“The purpose of the diagnosis is to determine which part of reality has been excluded in order to make the construction of a fake system possible. The realities excluded can vary widely, but the one item that always has to be excluded is  the experience of man’s tension toward the divine ground of his existence. Once the consciousness of existential tension is recognized as the critical experience that an ideologist must exclude if he wants to make his own state of alienation compulsory for everybody, the problem of consciousness of this tension moves into the center of philosophical thought. The understanding of both Classic and Christian philosophy, as well as of ideological deformations of existence, presupposes the understanding of consciousness in the fullness of its dimensions. The characteristic of what may be called the modern conception of consciousness is the construction of consciousness by the model of sense perceptions of objects in external reality. This restriction of the model of consciousness to objects of external reality becomes the more or less hidden trick in the construction of systems in the nineteenth century.”[54]

Classic philosophers knew that consciousness is the experience of structures and of turning toward the divine ground. If sense perception is dominant, experiences of God, of divine reality are eclipsed and must be deformed into propositions about transcendent reality, about the Other. Hence, propositional metaphysics, but also radical atheism, religious fanaticism and political extremism are sensitive to a brawny deformation of reality. What challenges the ideas of a person like Wilders is that (moderate) Muslims, who are dedicated to Islam, share in human nature, in that which is constant in the fundamental being of humanity, especially all of those qualities that are inherent to metaxy, existence, and horizon. As defined by Voegelin in Anamnesis: at its core human nature . . .  is the openness of the questioning knowledge and the knowing question about the ground.[55]

For Voegelin, Buber and Bonhoeffer, the turning toward or turning away from God and man, from the divine ground are the fundamental categories descriptive of human order and disorder. The darkening (scotosis)[56] in Europe, that is to say the turning toward darkness; the obscuring of sectors of reality and the voluntary ignorance is problematic. It is time for Europe that true homonoia in the Greek sense must be rediscovered, the like-mindedness as in Aristotle’s friendship, which is based on likeness in participation in  nous; not the sharing of opinions (doxa)[57]or of substitute grounds such as the anti-position against Islam, but Europe’s sharing in nous as the dynamic movement elicited by the attraction of transcendent perfection, of God.

People in Europe may have to find the beautiful (kalon) in recovering the traditional Christian notion of the participation in the nous and in the caritas of Christ, precisely in true dialogue with Islam, with the Muslim world. Even though the interreligious dialogue with Islam may have seemed difficult if not impossible at times, Europe’s homonoia in general should refer to the idea of peace among citizen, equivalent to Alexander the Great’s use of peace among the subjects of his ecumenic empire, his plan to gain for all men harmony [homonoia] and peace [eirene] and community [koinonia] among one another.[58]

V. To Recapture Reality

Considering the current signs of spiritual disorder and deculturation in Europe, that is to say the loss of culture by a withdrawal of man from his own humanity, we are obliged to make an effort to recapture transcendent reality and address what Voegelin calls the leap in being, the moment of surrender to the Question of transcendence and to an experience-symbolization beyond the horizon. This Question refers to the tension of existence in its aspect as a questioning unrest seeking, not simply particular truth, but still more the transcendent pole of truth as such. Voegelin emphasizes: not just any question but the quest concerning the mysterious ground of all Being.[59] We could speak of the renewal of existential consciousness, of the rekindling of reflective self-awareness of human existence in the metaxy, to be precise in the tension between poles of immanence and transcendence, finitude and infinity, imperfection and perfection, and so on.[60]

Reflection on Europe’s blatant secularism and extremism benefits to the extent that it builds upon rational and religious insight into the moral potential and mystical dimension of human beings who seek to resist the attempt of modern-day ideologies and of radical atheism to make history without God and to found it on the strength of man alone. For any of us who like to conserve the divine ordering of human (political) life, few thinkers of the Nazi period have surpassed Voegelin, Buber and Bonhoeffer in opposing the brutal dishonesty at the core of totalitarian movements. Their diagnosis of the eclipse of reality, the eclipse of God,[61] and the  disorder at the root of closed societies was matched by a common concern about the philosophical and theological resources for the rediscovery and defense of human civilization. They fought against the willed, perverse closure of consciousness against reality, especially the reality of metaxy existence. Eclipse in the European context is equivalent to what Voegelin calls closed existence, it is a state that may become habitual and unconscious, but never entirely free from the pressure of reality and the anxiety produced in society by the attempt to evade it.

European culture needs to be interpreted again as a process in which soul and character are formed through experiences of transcendence and love, and possibly through other virtues such as faith, hope, reason (ratio, nous) which are essential to open existence. The openness and the mode of existence in which consciousness is consistently and unreservedly oriented toward truth and toward the transcendent pole of the tension of existence: God. Consequently, Ratio or reason as defined by Voegelin in What Is Political Reality?,[62] is the directional factor in the tension of consciousness as the quest for the ground,[63]which orders it and thereby gives it structure as open inquiry. In this sense, ratio is the existential response of nous to the Question.[64] Hence, God or the divine ground—and not the anti-Islam propaganda of someone like Wilders — are considered as supreme reality, as realissimum, that is to say the most real.[65]

Greater emphasis should be placed on the social aspects of the process of decline, of closure or closed existence, which contrasts openness. The atheistic de-divinization of the world whereby the world is interpreted as empty of God, or lacking the dimension of transcendence, is disconcerting. Reason is not a calculative function as some modern scientists would like us to believe, but rather the expression in thinking of the love of the ground of being or divine reality.[66] Reason is the human capacity or faculty that becomes active through the adequate articulation and symbolization of the questioning consciousness.[67] Consequently, the present cultural deformation, the demolition of reason or the destruction of the order of the soul, damages the core of man and of society, which should be formed by and receive its vital principle from the love between God and man, or in Voegelin terms, from the love of transcendent perfection inherent in the fundamental tension of existence.[68]

Question is, why should the spiritual man (Daimonios aner), the person sensitive to the pull (helkein) of transcendence, bother philosophizing in the context of Europe’s closure,[69] in the face of secularism and radical atheism, of swelling ignorance (amathia)[70] and folly? Voegelin’s answer is demanding: to defend and recapture Reality![71] Seeing that religious extremism and the corruption of language by current ideologies makes honest dialogue to a great extent impossible, the comprehending community of language must be (re-)discovered and established. Voegelin in Autobiographical Reflections puts it in plain words:

“Anybody with an informed and reflective mind who lives in the twentieth century since the end of the First World War, as I did, finds himself hemmed in, if not oppressed, from all sides by a flood of ideological language — meaning thereby language symbols that pretend to be concepts but in fact are unanalyzed topoi or topics. Moreover, anybody who is exposed to this dominant climate of opinion has to cope with the problem that language is a social phenomenon. He cannot deal with the users of ideological language as partners in a discussion, but he has to make them the object of investigation. There is no community of language with the representatives of the dominant ideologies. Hence, the community of language that he himself wants to use in order to criticize the users of ideological language must first be discovered and, if necessary, established. The peculiar situation just characterized is not the fate of the philosopher for the first time in history. More than once in history, language has been degraded and corrupted to such a degree that it no longer can be used for expressing the truth of existence.”[72]

As the language symbols in different corners of European society have lost their contact with reality; they cannot be used for expressing the truth of existence, due to an intellectual terrorism of secular institutions as the mass media, university departments, foundations, commercial publishing houses, and the ferocious misuse of the internet.[73] A way of regaining transcendent reality is the recourse to the thinkers of the past who had not lost reality or who were engaged in regaining it.[74] Voegelin explored the techniques and structure of deformations and developed a vision by which deformation and its symbolization can be categorized. In particular the refusal to apperceive has become a central theme in his works for the understanding of ideological aberrations and deformations.[75] Voegelin’s methodological rules would insist on going back to the experiences that engender symbols:

“Recapturing reality in opposition to its contemporary deformation requires a considerable amount of work. One has to reconstruct the fundamental categories of existence, experience, consciousness, and reality. One has at the same time to explore the technique and structure of the deformations that clutter up the daily routine; and one has to develop the concepts by which existential deformation and its symbolic expression can be categorized. This work, then, must be conducted not only in opposition to the deformed ideologies but also to deformations of reality by thinkers who ought to be its preservers, such as theologians. In the concrete effort to find one’s way through a maze of corrupt language toward reality and its adequate linguistic expression, certain rules emerge that are not always to the liking of our contemporary intellectuals. The methodologically first, and perhaps most important, rule of my work is to go back to the experiences that engender symbols.”[76]

Generally speaking, the reservoirs of reality in European society are to be found, Voegelin believes, in the sciences that deal with intact experiences and symbolizations of reality, even if the sciences themselves have been badly damaged by the influence of the ideological climate.[77] We have to reconstruct, in Voegelin’s terms, the fundamental categories of existence, experience, consciousness and (spiritual) reality: in resistance to the dominance of idols — i.e., of language symbols that have lost their contact with reality — one has to rediscover the experiences of reality as well as the language that will adequately express them.[78]

All language symbols in our Western culture today are suspected of corruption, especially the language used in the public sphere.[79] Having gone through periods of severe distortion of existence, Europe’s phenomenon has been understood by Voegelin as pathological; and as it is being discovered as pathological, the question of a spiritual, well-ordered existence again ought to attract attention. The phenomenon of the rediscovery of existential order is not peculiar to the modern period. We can observe a similar situation in the time when Plato and Aristotle started their work, in the Classic Greek period.[80] In the conventional interpretation of Plato, it is practically forgotten, Voegelin argues, that the central Platonic concepts are dichotomic:

“The term philosophy does not stand alone but gains its meaning from its opposition to the predominant philodoxy. Problems of justice are not developed in the abstract but in opposition to wrong conceptions of justice, which in fact reflect the injustice current in the environment. The character of the Philosopher himself gains its specific meaning through its opposition to that of the Sophist, who engages in misconstructions of reality for the purpose of gaining social ascendance and material profits.”[81]

This might well be the situation in Europe today, in which the philosopher has to find men and women of his own kind in a community that comprehends both the present and the past. Although there is, according to Voegelin, always a dominant climate of ideological opinion, there is also present, even in our society, a large community of scholars who have not lost contact with reality and of thinkers who try to regain the contact that they are in danger of losing.

VI. Fides Formata

Recalling its spiritual and Judeo-Christian heritage, Europe’s political community (koinonia politike) needs to rediscover its fides formata, a formed faith, that is faith with its vital principle, namely love — which means no fear and no hatred. Aquinas used the term love for the adequate orientation of the soul toward God. So, not only through correct teachings about Him but also through participation in divine love experienced within the soul. According to Aquinas, it is love (caritas) that is the soul or vital principle of faith, which is a more developed faith than fides informis, [82]which, lacking love as its vital principle is incomplete.[83] Deformed faith, but also unformed faith in today’s Europe is the kind of faith that lacks its vital principle, which is love (caritas). In Buber’s words, man’s standing before the face of God is threatened. He writes:

“From the earliest times the reality of the relation of faith, man’s standing before the face of God, world-happening as dialogue, has been threatened by the impulse to control the power yonder. Instead of understanding events as calls which make demands on one, one wishes oneself to demand without having to hearken. I have, says man, power over the powers I conjure. And that continues, with sundry modifications, wherever one celebrates rites without being turned to the Thou and without really meaning its Presence.”[84]

The emphasis on a fides formata is advanced herein that Voegelin’s characterization of the open society is mirrored by Bonhoeffer’s Christian Ethics[85] and by Buber’s Das dialogische Prinzip, his philosophy of dialogue,[86] to convey the directness and living force of the ancient biblical word.[87] In assessing the moral vitality of individuals and religious and/or political groups in Europe today, their search for the ground of existence remains significant. Specifically in terms of the summum bonum or highest good,[88] their euboulia or wise judgment in private and public affairs may evoke in us the epistrophe,[89] a turning toward the divine ground after having previously been lost or gone astray through self-alienation (allotriosis).

Bonhoeffer’s Christian realism exposes a similar tension between man’s finiteness and inner freedom, his everlasting struggle in the call away from idolatry and cheap grace (Billige Gnade) towards the costly grace (Teure Gnade) of discipleship.[90] He sums it up by bringing it back to the law of the true prophets:

“[I]t is clear from the foregoing that the disciple has no special privilege or power of his own in all his intercourse with others. The mainspring of his life and work is the strength which comes from fellowship with Jesus Christ. Jesus offers his disciples a simple rule of thumb which will enable even the least sophisticated of them to tell whether his intercourse with others is on the right lines or not. All he need do is to say I instead of Thou, and put himself in the other man’s place. All things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, even so do ye also unto them: for this is the law and the prophets. The moment he does that, the disciple forfeits all advantage over other men, and can no longer excuse in himself what he condemns in others. He is as strict in condemning evil in himself as he was before with others, and as lenient with the evil in others as he was before to himself. The evil in the other person is exactly the same evil as in ourselves. There is only one judgement, one law, and one grace. Henceforth the disciple will look upon other men as forgiven sinners who owe their lives to the love of God. This is the law and the prophets — for this is none other than the supreme commandment: to love God above all things and our neighbors as ourselves.”[91]

This tensional relationship is found in Buber’s analysis of man’s drifting away from the divine-human encounter toward the world of things, of It (German: Es), rather than his relationship with the Eternal Thou (Das ewige Du). Buber insists that with each you, we have the prospect to experience the conversing with the divine; that is to talk to the Eternal One.[92] This relation with God and man is direct:

“The relation to the Thou is direct. No system of ideas, no foreknowledge, and no fancy intervene between I and Thou. The memory itself is transformed, as it plunges out of its isolation into the unity of the whole. No aim, no lust, and no anticipation intervene between I and Thou. Desire itself is transformed as it plunges out of its dream into the appearance. Every means is an obstacle. Only when every means has collapsed does the meeting come about.”[93]

In other words, the polarities in the experiences of immanent and transcendent divine being bind us to commit ourselves to the moral choices that lie behind the purpose of our being in this world. In opposing the ideological perversion that one could be liberated by a cultural atheistic revolution and/or by a disposal of any of the three monotheistic religions, Voegelin, Buber and Bonhoeffer challenge us that the promise of inner freedom, of genuine liberty, requires an open, receptive, and generous spirit towards God and man, and towards the three monotheistic expressions of religious faith — despite their unique symbolizations, their differences. The understanding, the prudent action and practical wisdom (phronesis) of these three sensible sagacious human beings (phronimos or uphronimos) are in the Greek sense a guide to ethical virtue and have a contemplative emphasis (nous).[94]

VII. Surrender to the Imago Dei

If our eyes and ears are the basis of any authority at all, besides a pile of anecdotal evidence, the programs of various political parties in Europe, and not only in the Netherlands, show that a hostile form of secularism is stirring our continent. As Bonhoeffer already had noticed in the twentieth century, God as a working hypothesis in morals, politics, or science, has been surmounted and abolished; and the same thing has happened in philosophy and religion (Feuerbach!). Anxious souls will ask what room there is left for God now; and as they know of no answer to the question, they condemn the whole development that has brought them to such straits.[95] As a result, there is no other way to find God on the horizon, according to Bonhoeffer, then through love, repentance, and through ultimate honesty. He writes:

“And we cannot be honest unless we recognize that we have to live in the world etsi deus non daretur. And this is just what we do recognize—before God! God himself compels us to recognize it. So our coming of age leads us to a true recognition of our situation before God. God would have us know that we must live as men who manage our lives without him. The God who is with us is the God who forsakes us (Mark 15.34). The God who lets us live in the world without the working hypothesis of God is the God before whom we stand continually. Before God and with God we live without God. God lets himself be pushed out of the world on to the cross. He is weak and powerless in the world, and that is precisely the way, the only way, in which he is with us and helps us. Matt. 8.17 makes it quite clear that Christ helps us, not by virtue of his omnipotence, but by virtue of his weakness and suffering.”[96]

Here lays for Bonhoeffer a decisive difference between Christianity and all other religions in Europe. Our modern curiosity and religiosity makes us look in our distress to the power of God in the world, to the supremacy of man (e.g. charismatic politicians, religious leaders). God is the deus ex machine, so to speak. The Bible directs us, however, not to power — or to some delusion in the Dawkinsian sense — but to God’s powerlessness and suffering. Bonhoeffer argues that only the suffering God can help. He further concludes that the development towards the world’s coming of age outlined above, which has done away with a false conception of God, opens up a way of seeing the God of the Bible, who wins power and space in the world by his weakness. This will probably be the starting-point for our “secular interpretation.”[97]

Opposing the extreme religious, political and secularist expressions in today’s Europe — i.e., twisted opinions, deformed ideological concepts and political programs which seriously injure human dignity—this paper advocates humanity’s relationship with transcendent reality as the motor between man and man,[98] as the constituent of society and history. Thus maintaining that love, the relationship between God and man, and its religious symbolization is the ground of order (aition, aitia) and has been fundamental to Western civilization.

Europe stands in a continuum of vital experience and articulate symbolization of the divine presence, stemming from philosophical Judaism, ancient philosophy and Christianity, and from the absorbed wisdom of Islamic civilization — specifically, Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe affected such varied areas as art, architecture, medicine, agriculture, music, language, education, law, and technology.[99] The sparkle of hope in our battle with secularism and blatant atheism are the aspirations and desires of those whose goal it is to represent the truth of the soul, the imago Dei, the image of God. Voegelin writes: “Through spirit man actualizes his potential to partake of the divine. He rises thereby to the imago Dei which it is his destiny to be.”[100]

But, it will require all our efforts to kindle the glimmer of the imago Dei into a flame for a next generation. In addressing Europe’s secularist and atheistic corruption it takes the true prophet’s renewal and not the false prophet’s graving for success and power to restore the forces of civilization. Buber clarifies the issue:

“The true prophets know the little bloated idol which goes by the name of Success through and through. They know that ten successes that are nothing but successes can lead to defeat, while on the contrary ten failures can add to a victory, provided the spirit stands firm. When true prophets address the people, they are usually unsuccessful; everything in the people which craves for success opposes them. But the moment they are thrown into the pit, whatever spirit is still alive in Israel bursts into flame, and the turning begins in secret which, in the midst of the deepest distress, will lead to renewal. The false prophet feeds on dreams, and acts as if dreams were reality. The true prophet lives by the true word he hears, and must endure having it treated as though it only held true for some ideological sphere, ethics or religion, but not for the real life of the people . . .”[101]

The observations of Voegelin, Buber and Bonhoeffer made at the halfway point of the twentieth century are no less instructive for Europe and for the West today. The way in which our religious heritage is conceived and used will determine its worth as instrument of true spiritual freedom. The lesson for any of us is that misconstructions of reality and the creation of deformed ideologies can easily degenerate into manipulation and reckless majorities. Yet, the truth of divine-human experience is that man cannot be confined to world-immanent existence, to man-made religious and/or political systems. A Judeo-Christian ethics underscores this truth based on the positive understanding of man as a creature of God, who is loved and free.

When life reaches out to an eternal world beyond the horizon, it is affecting our shared life in the secular sphere. To opt for transcendence in a European context means to literally surpass the boundaries of narrow political, secular and religious categories, and to go beyond the horizon of present knowledge by asking further questions. We only transcend our present mode of existence through a new openness to the pull of the Beyond, to a relationship with God. Experiences of transcendence are spiritual experiences of reaching, of being drawn beyond one’s present horizon of knowledge, of religious and ethical orientation towards the divine. Opting for meaning, for transcendence over the material plane does not necessarily mean something abstruse. In ordinary day-to-day experiences we confront our fears and ignorance, and allow ourselves to be moved in questioning by a genuine desire for love and truth, for relationship with the Eternal Thou. The moment of surrender to the imago Dei, and God is back! Present and Presence on the horizon . .